The Study and Management of the Prevalence and Control Measures for the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV)

Abstract

The Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus is an extremely contagious pathogen that presents a significant danger to livestock. Its capacity to generate chronic illness and long-term repercussions on various animal species highlights the pressing need to comprehend its epidemiology and institute effective control measures. In Pakistan, the prevalent FMD serotypes are O, Asia-I, and A. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the prevalence of FMD in different districts of Punjab, with Sheikhupura district displaying the highest prevalence (54%) and Chakwal district the lowest (10%). The investigation utilized a blend of microbiological and veterinary methodologies. Viral isolates were gathered from infected animals and subjected to serotyping and genetic characterization to identify the precise FMD virus serotypes and strains circulating in the region. The RNA genome of the FMD virus, a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, was evaluated using molecular techniques. The presence of the viral capsid, which encloses the 8.3-kb genome, was confirmed through capsid protein analysis. To manage the spread of FMD, vaccination strategies were executed. The efficacy of varied vaccine formulations and their ability to prompt protective immune responses were assessed. The investigation aimed to enhance the potency of the vaccines to broaden the range of protection against diverse FMD serotypes. The materials utilized in this research comprised FMD viral isolates, serotyping reagents, molecular biology tools, and various vaccine formulations. The results demonstrated the importance of migration and interactions between vulnerable and infected animals as primary routes of FMD virus transmission. The presence of multiple serotypes and various host species, including wildlife, presented significant challenges to disease management. However, the findings highlighted the potential of vaccines in eradicating the virus and safeguarding animals from FMD. The research outcomes contribute to the understanding of FMD epidemiology and provide valuable insights for the development of improved control strategies.